DOE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE PROGRAM MEXICO CITY 2006 FIELD CAMPAIGN

MEGACITY AEROSOL EXPERIMENT IN MEXICO CITY (MAX-MEX)
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MAX MEX PROJECT IS NOW IN THE ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION STAGE

The following is the schedule of activities and deliverables:

September 2006 - Preliminary Field Data into Data Archive (NARSTO)* Note: Some field samples that require longer time to analyze and process (eg. Carbon-14 dating, etc.) will not be available at this time but will be included in the data archive.

October 23-25, 2006 - MILAGRO Workshop, Boulder CO. - Preliminary Data Presentations and Evaluations and Identification of Key Events, Processes, and Fast Publications.

January 2007 - American Meteorological Society National Meeting in San Antonio - MAX-Mex Overview Papers on Field Measurements. Will call for papers in July-August to have special MAX-Mex session describing the ground based activities and also aircraft operations and highlight few of the findings.

March 2007 - MILAGRO Workshop - Identification of Joint Publication Efforts and Updates on Data Set Quality and Issues. Tentative for Mexico City (Details to follow in coming months).

September 2007 - Final Quality Assured Data Set in NARSTO Archive. Many of the Joint Papers should be drafted and submitted by this time.

December 2007 - AGU Symposium - Joint with DOE, NSF, NASA. Still under discussion.

September 2008 - MILAGRO Data Set made available to entire scientific community.

SITE INFORMATION FOR DATA FILES [2006-10-03]

NOTE: T0 is Instituto Mexicano de Petroleo, T1 is the Technical University of Tecamac, and T2 is the Rancho la Bisnaga.

ASP MAX-MEX AND JOINT MILAGRO FIELD PROJECTS ARE CONCLUDED [2006-04-03]

The MILAGRO (Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations) 2006 field study and the ASP MAX-MEX component of that study are concluded as of the end of March.

After a rocky start to the project, operations in Mexico went very well, with several coordinated flights among the several aircraft having taken place. ASP investigators are now at home with much good data to analyze. If you haven't visited the Field reports page, you are invited to take a look. This page has links to quick-look graphics of PRELIMINARY data.

The official opening ceremony of MILAGRO was held on March 2, 2006, at the Universidad Autonomous Nacional de Mexico (UNAM) main campus at the newly opened Universum - Science Museum in Mexico City, D.F. For an account of that ceremony, which involved officials and scientists from U.S. and Mexican institutions and government agencies, click here (pdf file).

PRESS COVERAGE. A detailed article about the project "Mexico City a Living Laboratory for Smog Study" appeared in the March 31 Los Angeles Times. Another article "Air pollution mega-project merits mega-response" appeared in the March 12 English online edition of El Universal.

RATIONALE

Atmospheric aerosols are now recognized to give rise to a substantial radiative forcing of climate by scattering and absorbing radiation (direct effects) and by modifying the microphysical, optical, and radiative properties of clouds, affecting their reflectivity and persistence (indirect effects). However the magnitudes of these forcings are quite uncertain. In recognition of this the Department of Energy Atmospheric Science Program (ASP) is focusing on developing enhanced understanding and model-based representation of the processes governing aerosol radiative forcing of climate. Along with the need for examining these aerosols and their chemical, physical, and optical properties, as noted by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program there is a need to understand the regional and continental scale changes in climate due to the impacts of aerosols on radiative forcing that include effects on cloud formation and precipitation. Understanding aerosol influences on regional to global scales, and representing these influences in models, requires understanding the amounts and the chemical and physical properties of aerosols that determine their radiative influences and in turn the sources of these aerosols (both primary and secondary) and their spatial distribution. This requirement for understanding includes the processes that lead to the formation of secondary organic and inorganic aerosols and their transport across multiple spatial scales and the chemical and microphysical evolution of primary aerosol species, particularly black carbon which is a strongly radiative absorbing aerosol component.

An important and potentially large source of the primary aerosols and precursors of secondary aerosols now and in the future is emissions from megacities, defined as metropolitan regions having population in excess of ten million. In 1950 there was only one megacity, New York City. In the year 2015 there are expected to be over 30 megacities and many more cities with population in the range of 5-10 million. These megacities, many in the developing countries, with varied combustion products from vehicular, industrial and household energy use, are significant sources of aerosols impacting regional and global scales. While many sources can be similar (e.g. diesel truck emissions) in megacities, many of the cities are marked by area sources, spread across an extensive urban landscape, as opposed to localized point sources and traffic-related automobile emissions that characterize the emissions from large cities in developing countries. In view of these considerations it is essential that the Atmospheric Science Program examine the primary and secondary aerosols associated with megacities in order to characterize these aerosols and their evolution processes in the atmospheres of and downwind of megacities.

The Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA), with 18 million people, the second largest megacity, after Tokyo (Molina and Molina, 2002), is an attractive location for an ASP program field campaign to characterize the chemical, physical, and optical properties of aerosols from a megacity source and the production of secondary organic aerosols and inorganic aerosols that are known to contribute to the aerosol loading. Previous research on air pollution associated with Mexico City provides a framework for planning of future field studies. The MCMA-2003 field measurement campaign, which was a collaboration between the DOE ASP program and a number of U.S. and Mexican researchers led by Drs. Luisa and Mario Molina of MIT and which was part of the Integrated Program on Urban, Regional, and Global Air Pollution, was designed to improve the current knowledge of the chemistry, dispersion and transport processes of the pollutants emitted to the MCMA atmosphere. During MCMA-2003 study significant aerosol formation was observed for both inorganic nitrates and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). These observations indicate that it will be possible to evaluate the rates and yields of both primary particle aging and secondary aerosol conversions from a megacity that are likely to be more representative of globally important megacities than might be observed in studies of U.S. cities. Differences are thought to be due to the higher loadings of reactive gases and primary aerosols, such as black carbon, resulting from significant low temperature combustion sources, such as biofuels, affecting both concentrations of primary aerosols, as well as large quantities of gaseous precursors of secondary aerosol production. In addition to being of intrinsic interest as an example of a megacity that exports aerosols to the global environment, the area provides an opportunity to study aerosol evolution in an environment characterized by very high concentrations of black carbon and secondary aerosols and precursors that can be transported from the megacity into the surrounding region, thereby affecting regional radiative balance.

The DOE Atmospheric Science Program will conduct a 4-week field campaign in and downwind of Mexico City during February or March 2006. The Megacity Aerosol eXperiment - MEXico City (MAX-MEX) will characterize aerosol formation and changes in aerosol composition, size distribution, light scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, optical depth, soot-specific absorption, and radiative fluxes at selected vertical and horizontal locations in the outflow from a well characterized urban core. Detailed analyses will be made of the meteorological conditions during the field campaign to distinguish features of the observed changes attributable to factors such as transport, diffusion and dilution, and relative humidity from intrinsic modifications in the chemical and microphysical properties of the aerosols resulting from chemical processes. The planned DOE ASP field study will focus on chemical, physical, and optical characterization of the aerosols, on aerosol transformations including aging of the black carbon during outflow into the region, and on the effects of the megacity aerosol plume on the regional radiative balance in and near this megacity source.

The planned study will be a component of the multi-national multi-agency Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations (MILAGRO) program. A Scientific Overview of MILAGRO is available as a pdf file.

The planned DOE ASP campaign will benefit greatly from the simultaneously conducted measurements by these other programs.

The DOE ASP program is planning to use an instrumented research aircraft, the DOE G-1 aircraft research facility, and three instrumented surface sites as its principal measurement platforms. One surface site would be located in the Mexico City metropolitan area, a second site (denoted site T1) 10 to 30 km outside the city, and a third site (denoted site T2) another 50 to 100 km farther downwind (based on predominant climatological flow patterns.) The measurement strategies would be designed to examine the evolution of aerosols and aerosol precursors over time scales of approximately 1 to 12 hours. These time scales are chosen to achieve a better understanding of the aging of primary aerosols and the formation of secondary organic and inorganic aerosols. It is hypothesized that over this time scale there will be a substantial shift from primary emitted aerosols to an internal mixture of primary and secondary aerosols, resulting in a substantial modification to the optical and cloud nucleating properties of aerosols as they age and are advected downwind from the urban source.

SCIENCE OBJECTIVES AND DELIVERABLES

The major objectives for the ASP Megacity Aerosol eXperiment - MEXico City (MAX-MEX) study are:

* To obtain a process level understanding of the concentration, composition, size distribution, hygroscopicity, and optical properties of ambient aerosol, and their evolution in the Mexico City plume, in the context of Mexico City urban emissions.

* To gather a comprehensive meteorological and chemical data set suitable for use in regional and global scale model validation.

* To determine the direct radiative effect of aerosols in the Mexico City plume as a function of time, location and processing conditions.

Deliverables from this project will include:

* A publicly available comprehensive data set on aerosols and aerosol precursors including aerosol chemical, physical and optical properties as a function of time and location as well as detailed meteorological data including winds, boundary layer height, state parameters and similar data.

* An evaluation of the rates and nature of the changes in aerosol composition as it is transported from urban to regional scales. This information will allow the rates of these changes to be evaluated and parameterized using various modeling tools in ASP for future inclusion into regional and global climate models

It is anticipated that a number of project-specific objectives will be added to the research plan as the MAX-MEX 2006 field study continues its planning activities in the coming months. For example, it is anticipated that the data sets will allow the longwave radiative forcing of aerosols during the nighttime to be examined and compared at the various sites. Also, measurements of various tracer and indicator species and isotopic determinations are planned such as ¹⁴C characterization that will allow the various carbonaceous sources in the megacity to be identified and compared to current aerosol emission inventories.

BACKGROUND

The DOE ASP program has had considerable experience working in Mexico City, conducting studies focused on aerosol precursors and aerosols, and on understanding Mexico City's complex boundary layer meteorology. Such studies were conducted in 1997 and 2003 in collaboration with Mexican scientists and U.S. researchers. In February 1997, IMADA-AVER (Investigación Sobre Materia Particulada Y Deterioro Atmosférico-Aerosol and Visibility Evaluation Research) was carried out in Mexico City by the DOE ASP program. The focus of the project was to obtain loading and composition data on particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM-2.5) in the Mexico City urban area. Concentrations of PM-2.5 were found to be 50 µg m^-3 or greater for 24 hour averages; approximately 50% of the mass of the aerosol was observed to be composed of carbonaceous materials (Edgerton et al, 1999). These measurements were taken at a number of ground sites in the Mexico City area.

During IMADA AVER meteorological measurements were taken that allowed the boundary layer and flow patterns to be examined (Doran et al, 1998; Fast and Zhong, 1998; Whiteman, et al., 2000). These, and other data indicated that the pollutants in the basin were transported to regional scales on a daily basis (Fast and Zhong, 1998; Gaffney et al, 1999). Both gas phase precursors and aerosols from the Mexico city urban area were identified as being large contributors to the regional scale aerosol burden due to transport, (Gaffney et al. 1999; Molina and Molina, 2002; Elliott, et al.1997)

During April of 2003, a collaborative study with the MCMA 2003 project, led by Mario and Luisa Molina of MIT, was conducted in Mexico City. This project included the use of the National Center for Environmental Research and Training (Centro Nacional de Investigación y Capacitación Ambiental or CENICA), a component of the National Institute of Ecology (Instituto Nacional de Ecología or INE) as a super site where a number of investigators were able to examine both aerosols and precursor gases with state-of-the-art instrumentation. The use of aerosol mass spectroscopy (AMS), proton transfer mass spectrometry, long-path optical methods (DOAS, LIDAR, near-IR TDLAS), aethalometers and other fast response instruments allowed ground based measurements of many of the organic and inorganic precursor species as well as detailed aerosol composition at much shorter time frames (minutes) as compared to past studies that primarily used filter or canister based measurements.

The results from this study are currently being analyzed and preliminary results were presented at a special session at the December 2004 meeting of the American Geophysical Union on Megacity Impacts on Air Quality, organized by Luisa and Mario Molina. Analysis of concurrent measurements of aerosol microphysics, composition and radiometric measurements using a multi-filter rotating shadow band radiometer (MFRSR) showed that black carbon is a significant contributor to the lowering of aerosol single scattering albedo (Ackerman et al. 2004). Ground-based aethalometer measurements indicated that the 24-hour average black carbon loading was on the order of 5 µg m^-3, consistent with findings of the past IMADA-AVER study of elemental carbon aerosol concentrations (Gaffney and Marley, 2004).

Measurements taken before and during Holy Week in the April 2003 study were useful in determining the reductions anticipated from application of traffic controls in Mexico City. For example, a reduction of a factor of 3 was observed in the integrated amounts of black carbon seen at the CENICA site during Good Friday (Marley et al., 2005). A similar analysis of holiday vs non-holiday periods was useful in the 1997 study that demonstrated that high isobutene concentrations were due to automobiles and the use of methyl-t-butyl ether and not by natural gas usage (Gaffney et al., 1999). Comparison of holiday vs normal working days may also be useful for determining sources of black carbon and sources of secondary organic aerosols in the 2006 planned field campaign.

The April 2003 study also showed that both ammonium nitrate (formed from secondary nitric acid and primary ammonia emissions) was a significant aerosol component as were secondary organic compounds. Glyoxal was measured in the gas phase by DOAS for the first time and was found to correlate well with secondary organic aerosol formation as inferred from the Aerodyne Aerosol mass spectrometer. Laboratory studies and smog chambers have suggested that glyoxal should be a major product of the oxidation of aromatic compounds and that these same aromatics are important secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors.

Carbon-14 measurements at the CENICA site indicated that a significant amount of aerosol carbon is coming from biomass and/or trash burning. Currently this type of source is not included in aerosol emission inventories.

Although the ground based measurements were quite extensive at the CENICA site and are very useful, the project did not have aircraft or other downwind measurements that would allow the downwind evolution of the aerosol properties, or the dispersion of the aerosol to be examined. To date there is very limited information on the vertical distribution of either aerosol precursors or of aerosol concentrations and properties in the advected urban plume.

The proposed MAX-MEX 2006 and MIRAGE-Mex studies will combine to examine these processes in the mid-February to April time frame; the choice of dates will depend on the potential involvement of NASA Intex B researchers and aircraft.

AIRCRAFT OPERATION PLANS

An overview of the Gulfstream aircraft (G-1) and its capabilities can be found at here.

Current plans are to base the G-1 at the Veracruz International Airport, where the lower altitude will allow heavier take offs. The G-1 flight patterns that have been developed with the investigators and negotiated with the Mexican air-traffic controllers have the aircraft flying primarily within the Valley of Mexico to examine the near source aerosols and aerosol precursors over the Mexico City urban area, and to follow them as they are carried downwind towards the north. Analysis of past weather patterns indicates that a boundary-layer plume will be carried in this direction about 25-30% of the time. These flights will be coordinated with the NSF C-130 flights that would sample the plume farther downwind, and NASA King Air B-200 flights that will take lidar aerosol profile measurements from about 27000 feet. It is anticipated that the G-1 would fly over the ground sites outside of the urban center in order to obtain vertical profile information on the chemical and physical composition and optical properties from ground to above the boundary layer.

DOE and NSF aircraft operations personnel have met with SENEAM (Servicios a la Navegación en el Espacio Aéreo Mexicano) in March, July, September, and December to negotiate flight patterns and operational procedures for the campaign.

Approximately 75 hrs of flight time are anticipated to be available during the 4 week campaign, with a schedule that would allow two flights a day, one during the 11-1 pm time frame and another during the 2:30-4:30 pm time frame. Current plans are to have the G-1, the NCAR C-130, the NASA B-200, and the NASA j-31 based together at Veracruz.

G-1 INSTRUMENTATION

Instrumentation on board will be similar to that flown in recent studies of aerosols over the northeastern US (NEAQS 2004). However, it will be necessary for the instruments to be tested and calibrated under cabin pressurization. We have been working towards having this accomplished well before the field project begins in FY 06. A complete list of equipment that has been flown on the G-1 can be found here. For these flights key equipment would include the aerosol mass spectrometers, aerosol physics instruments, and aerosol optical characterization with a three-wavelength nephelometer for light scattering and PSAP measurements for aerosol absorption.

GROUND BASED MEASUREMENT PLANS

In the 2003 campaign the CENICA served as a supersite in the main urban area that is located towards the southeast of Mexico City. Another site, at the Instituto Mexicano de Petroleo laboratories near the north central part of the city, will be used in 2006 for measurements of near source aerosols for those ASP participants interested in making measurements at this type of location. These sites will be operated in collaboration with the MCMA 2006 efforts and Mexican scientists' efforts aimed at near source characterization of the aerosols.

As noted earlier, analysis of weather patterns anticipated for the Valley of Mexico indicate that wind patterns will take the Mexico City plume towards the north throughout the depth of the boundary layer about 25-30% of the time (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. Anticipated flow patterns for Mexico City based on past wind patterns in Mexico City during month of February.

For the DOE ASP efforts on the ground we will seek to establish another supersite, the T1 site, to the north of Mexico City. A location between Teotihuacan and Tultepec would be ideal considering anticipated wind fields and the terrain (see Figure 2). This site would allow precursor gases and aerosols characterized at the IMP supersite in Mexico City to be compared to measurements downwind at the T1 position. It is anticipated that this site would also serve as the ground based super site that is currently being considered for the NSF MIRAGE-Mex measurements. The second site, T2, would be located between 60 and 100 km farther to the north/northeast. Pachuca might be a possible site, as might Tolcayuca.

Figure 2. Map showing potential sites for the T1 supersite and the T2 site for examining the aerosol precursor and aerosol evolution and aging during Mexico City Megacity 2006 studies. These same areas are where aircraft flights would also sample to obtain vertical and horizontal measurements of the megacity aerosol plume and its chemical, physical, and optical aerosol properties.

Suitable surface sites have now been identified. Figure 3 shows the locations of the T1 and T2 sites and the CENICA T0 site used in 2003. The 2006 T0 site at IMP is located 11 km north and 7 km west of CENICA.

Figure 3. Contour map showing locations of the several surface sites. CENICA supersite, purple triangle. T1 site, Technical University of Tecamac, blue circle. T2 site, Rancho Bisnaga, green circle. For a high-resolution pdf image of this map click here.

An overview photo of the CENICA site can be found at the MCMA 2003 website.

A suitable site for T-1 has been found (see Figure 3 map - blue circle). This is at the Technical University of Tecamac. We are currently in the process of getting approval to set up instruments at this site.

The second site (T-2) has been chosen and will be at a private ranch, Rancho Bisnaga (see Figure 3 map green circle). We will shortly be negotiating for the use of this site.

It is intended that wind profilers will be located at the T-1 and T-2 sites, along with some basic aerosol measurements.

In order to provide for deployment of ASP instruments at these sites, it is necessary to determine the requirements the instruments for the various sites. ASP investigators wishing to deploy instruments during MAX-MEX 2006 at any of these surface sites need to advise which site, the instrument(s), size (footprint), weight, and power requirements. We will need to get this information as soon as possible, so that we ascertain the infrastructure requirements for the project. Requests for locating instruments at these sites should also indicate additional requirements such as compressed gas, liquid nitrogen.

Please send the above information to Jeff Gaffney (gaffney@anl.gov) and Luisa Molina (ltmolina@mit.edu)

PARTICIPANTS AND INSTRUMENTATION

To the extent possible the ground based sites would include all of the measurements that would be onboard the aircraft for direct comparisons, and would also include ground based LIDARS, DOAS, and other instrumentation. A number of aerosol mass spectrometers and proton transfer spectrometers are available for ground-based measurements. New and improved instrumentation that is being developed in ASP maybe available for testing during this field study including an improved PTRMS and an instrument that measures aerosol absorption using photothermal interferometry.

For an excel spreadsheet listing of instrumentation that is intended to be deployed at the several surface sites click here.

Interested researchers from the ASP Science Team who wish to participate in MAX-MEX and also potential collaborating scientists who would wish to participate as members of the ASP Adjunct Science Team should contact the Lead Scientist - Jeff Gaffney (gaffney@anl.gov).

LOGISTICS

ASP will survey participants by email to collect the necessary information on the instruments, including the power requirements and footprints for planning the various sites. The Lead Scientist and other MAX-MEX team members will also be involved in working with the ASP researchers to aid in the logistics of handling, shipping, etc. to and from Mexico. It is anticipated that this will involve coordination between the NSF MIRAGE-Mex program and also MCMA 2006 and other Mexican scientists that will participate in the program. Luisa Molina will act to coordinate logistics along with the Lead Scientist, Jeff Gaffney.

MODELING

The ASP modeling group will work with NSF NCAR to provide forecasting models prior to and during the campaign. NSF NCAR will be using WRF mesoscale meteorological model to predict wind flow patterns for the February of 2005 in a forecast mode for model tuning and validation. It is expected that they will be employing this model in an operational forecast mode during the field campaign in 2006. The results from this model will be used for planning aircraft flights during the experimental period. It is anticipated that the forecasting modeling efforts conducted during the 2005 will help select ground based sites in the coming months, and will be used to direct the initial aircraft operations during the 2006 campaign in Mexico City.

MAX-MEX modeling efforts will focus on understanding the regional-scale dispersion of aerosols generated in the Mexico City plume into the regional atmosphere, evaluating the formation rates and kinetics of the secondary inorganic and organic aerosol formation, evaluating the sources, sinks and aging of black carbon and evaluating the radiative impacts as constrained by the measured aerosol physical and chemical properties and their vertical and horizontal distribution. Modules representing secondary organic aerosol formation, new particle formation in polluted atmospheres, rates of dispersion and removal of aerosol particles, and aerosol radiative impacts will be evaluated, developed and implemented into higher dimensional models as needed. Models ranging from comprehensive 3-D regional scale models of atmospheric dynamics and aerosol formation, transport, and removal to box and Lagrangian models of secondary aerosol formation and new particle formation to coupled models of column atmospheric dynamics, aerosols and radiation will be employed during the post-mission period for analyzing the collected data.

In order to gain experience modeling the transport and mixing, the WRF-chem model was applied to the meteorological situation between 24 February and 22 March 1997 that encompassed the IMADA field campaign conducted in Mexico City. The local and regional transport and mixing of CO and SO₂ were simulated by the WRF-chem model; the model represents only transport, without any chemical reaction or deposition of the emitted materials. The spatially varying vertically integrated quantities are presented in 4 animations, two for CO and two for SO₂. The outer domain, grid 1, encompasses most of Mexico, with a horizontal grid spacing of 22.5 km. Two nested domains were centered on central Mexico; a 2.5-km grid spacing was used for grid 3. The sources of CO and SO₂ in the valley of Mexico City were based on the standard emissions inventory. Emission rates outside of Mexico City were obtained by assuming that they were proportional to population (only for cities having population greater than 100,000). SO₂ emission rates in Mexico City are dwarfed by the emission rates from the Tula Power Plant (north of Mexico City) and the Popocatepetl volcano. The results of these model runs are presented as animations of contour maps of column amounts of the two substances between indicated altitudes; purple denotes low concentrations, while reds and grays denote high concentrations. Identical simulations were performed for the synoptic conditions during March of 2004 to help determine how the transport patterns vary from year to year.

The animations are in Quicktime(R) format. Click on the movie frame to display the animation.

CO, Grid 1 1997	CO, Grid 3 1997
SO2, Grid 1 1997	SO2, Grid 3 1997

CO, Grid 1 2004	CO, Grid 3 2004
SO2, Grid 1 2004	SO2, Grid 3 2004

An Overview of Modeling and Forecasting Activities in Support of MAX-MEX was presented by Jerome Fast at the ASP Science Team meeting November 1, 2005. Click here for the Powerpoint(R) viewgraphs of that presentation.

DATA MANAGEMENT

It is intended to use the NARSTO data archive for this study in order to gather all of the various researchers' data into a central archive for future use by the ASP and other researchers in the global climate research community. The researchers involved in this project will be expected to adhere to the ASP data policy that is currently being established.

CONTACTS

DOE Program Manager for ASP
Ashley Williamson, US DOE Climate Change Research Division, Ashley.Williamson@science.doe.gov, (301) 903-3120

DOE Program Manager for ASP Science Support
Rick Petty, US DOE Climate Change Research Division, Rick.Petty@science.doe.gov, (301) 903-5548

ASP Chief Scientist
Stephen E. Schwartz, Brookhaven National Laboratory, ses@bnl.gov, (631) 344-3100

Lead Scientist -- MAX-MEX
Jeffrey S. Gaffney, Argonne National Laboratory, gaffney@anl.gov, (630) 252-5178

Aircraft Planning and Operations
Larry Kleinman, Brookhaven National Laboratory, kleinman@bnl.gov
John Hubbe, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, john.hubbe@pnl.gov (509) 372-6134
Robert Hannigan, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, rv.hannigan@pnl.gov

Ground Based Operations
Chris Doran, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, christopher.doran@pnl.gov

Modeling
Jerome Fast, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, jerome.fast@pnl.gov, (509) 372-6116
V. Rao Kotamarthi, Argonne National Laboratory, vrkotamarthi@anl.gov, (630) 252-7164

MCMA 2006
Luisa Molina, MIT, ltmolina@mit.edu, (617) 253-1603
Mario Molina, MIT/UCSD, mmolina@mit.edu, (617) 253-5081 252-7164

NSF MIRAGE-Mex
NSF Program Manager - Anne-Marie Schmoltner, aschmolt@nsf.gov
Project Leader - Sasha Madronich, sasha@ucar.edu, 303-497-1430

PARTICIPANTS

An Excel(R) spreadsheet listing ASP investigators and others who have expressed interest in participating in MAXMex, together with contact information and area of interest may be downloaded here. [2005-02-24]

REFERENCES

Ackerman, T., Barnard, J., Kassianov, E., Frey, S., Molina, L., and Molina, M., 2004. Measurements of Black Carbon Specific Absorption Made During the Mexico City Metropolitan Area Campaign of 2003." Eos Trans. AGU, 85(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A24A-02.

Doran, J.C., S. Abbott, J. Archuleta, X. Bian, J. Chow, R.L. Coulter, S.F.J. de Wekker, S. Edgerton, S. Elliot, A. Fernandez, J.D. Fast, J.M. Hubbe, C. King, D. Langley, J. Leach, J.T. Lee, T.J. Martin, S. Martinez, D. Apam, J.L. Martinez, G. Mercado, V. Mora, M. Mulhearn, J.L. Pena, R. Petty, W. Porch, C. Russel, R. Salas, J.D. Shannon, W.J. Shaw, G. Sosa, L. Tellier, B. Templeman, J.G. Watson, R. White, C.D. Whiteman, and D. Wolfe, 1998: The IMADA-AVER boundary-layer experiment in the Mexico City area. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 2497-2508.

Edgerton, S.A., J.L. Arriaga, J. Archuleta, X. Bian, J.E. Bossert, J.C. Chow, R.L. Coulter, J.C. Doran, P.V. Doskey, S.Elliot, J.D. Fast, J.S. Gaffney, F. Guzman, J.M. Hubbe, J.T. Lee, E.L. Malone, N.A. Marley, L.A. McNair, W. Neff, E. Ortiz. R. Petty, M. Ruiz, W.J. Shaw, G. Sosa, E. Vega, J.G. Watson, C.D. Whiteman, and S. Zhong, 1999: Particulate air pollution in Mexico City: A collaborative research project. J. Air and Waste Management Assoc., 49, 1221-1229.

Elliot, S., Blake, D.R., Rowland, F.S., Lu, R., Brown, M.J., Williams, M.D., Russell, A.G., Bossert, J.E., Streit, G.E., Santoyo, M.R., Guzman, F., Porch, W.M., McNair, L.A., Keyantash, J., Kao, C.-Y.J., Turco, R.P., Eichinger, W.E., 1997. Ventilation of liquefied petroleum gas components from the valley of Mexico. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21,197-21,207.

Fast, J.D. and S. Zhong, 1998: Meteorological factors associated with inhomogeneous ozone concentrations within the Mexico City basin. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 18927-18946.

Gaffney, J.S. N.A. Marley, M.M. Cunningham, and P.V. Doskey, 1999: "Measurements of Peroxyacyl Nitrates (PANs) in Mexico City: Implications for Megacity Air Quality Impacts on Regional Scales." Atmospheric Environment, 33, 5003-5012.

Gaffney, J. S. and N. A. Marley, 2004 "Comparison of PAN and Black Carbon Levels in Mexico City: 1997 and 2003." Eos Trans. AGU, 85(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A11A-0014.

Garcia, A., Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Samuelsson, J., Mellqvist, J., Herndon, S., and Kolb, C.E. 2004 Separation of Emitted and Photochemical Formaldehyde in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area using a Statistical Analysis and a New Pair of Gas-phase Tracers Eos Trans. AGU, 85(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A14A-08.

Madronich S., F. Flocke, J. Orlando, and E. Atlas. MIRAGE-Mex: Mexico City Pollution Outflow Experiment - Science Overview Document, 2004.

Marley, N. A., J.S. Gaffney, B. R.Grams, U. Hernandez, J. E. Frederick and T. Barzyk, 2005, "Black Carbon in Urban Areas: Measurements on Holidays Demonstrate Impact of Diesel Soot." Preprint, Extended Abstract , Seventh Conference on Atmospheric Chemistry as part of the 85th American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting in San Diego, California 9-13 January 2005, Paper 3.6 CD Preprint Volume, 4p.

Molina, L.T., and M.J. Molina, editors, Air Quality in the Mexico Megacity: An Integrated Assessment, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 2002.

Whiteman, C. D., S. Zhong, X. Bian, J. D. Fast, and J. C. Doran, 2000: Boundary layer evolution and regional-scale diurnal circulations over the Mexico Basin and Mexican Plateau. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 10081-10102.

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ASP - Atmospheric Science Program

CENICA - El Centro Nacional de Investigación y Capacitación Ambiental

DOE - Department of Energy

IMADA-AVER - Investigación Sobre Materia Particulada Y Deterioro Atmosférico-Aerosol and Visibility Evaluation Research

IMP - Instituto Mexicano de Petroleo

INE - Instituto Nacional de Ecología

MAX- Megacity Aerosol Experiments

MAX-MEX - Megacity Aerosol eXperiment - MEXico City

MCMA- Mexico City Metropolitan Area

MIRAGE- Megacity Impacts on the Regional and Global Environment

MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology

NASA- National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NCAR- National Center for Atmospheric Research

NSF- National Science Foundation

SENEAM. Servicios a la Navegación en el Espacio Aéreo Mexicano, SENEAM is Mexican equivalent to the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) in the U.S.

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